<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss version="2.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Dr. Barbara Mitra: Research]]></title><description><![CDATA[Articles]]></description><link>http://www.barbaramitra.co.uk/</link><copyright><![CDATA[Copyright Dr. Barbara Mitra: Research]]></copyright><generator>sNews CMS</generator><item><title><![CDATA[References]]></title><description><![CDATA[    Butler, Judith. 1990.   Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity.   London: Routledge.    

    Gauntlett, David. 2008.   Media, Gender and Identity.   2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge      

    Johnson, Fern. L., & Young, Karren. (2002). "Gendered voices in children’s television advertising".   Critical Studies in Mass Communication,  19 (4), 461-480.      

   Kane, E. (2006). "No Way My Boys are Going to Be Like That! Parents' Responses to Children's Gender Nonconformity".   Gender and Society   20 pp.149-176.    

    Kolbe, Richard. H., and Darrell Muehling. 1995. "Gender Roles and Children’s Television Advertising".   Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising,   17(1), 50-9.      

]]></description><pubDate>Wed, 10 Sep 2008 17:33:53 +0000</pubDate><link>http://www.barbaramitra.co.uk/children-and-tv-ads/references/</link><guid>http://www.barbaramitra.co.uk/children-and-tv-ads/references/</guid></item><item><title><![CDATA[Parental Influence]]></title><description><![CDATA[  Our research suggests that whilst in some cases parents may subconsciously reinforce gender stereotypes, particularly for boys as Kane (2006) suggests, in other cases parents have tried to subvert gender stereotypes, but as Palmer (2006:233) suggests it is difficult to challenge the gender bias in the ‘forces of worldwide marketing’.  

  It was also found that parents were less concerned about enforcing gender stereotypes for girls but were more likely to enforce gender stereotypes for boys, either consciously or unconsciously.  


    Additional References    

  Bell, Alice (2007) ‘Designing and testing questionnaires for children’ Journal of Research in Nursing  Vol 12 (5) pp.461-469.  

  Borgers, N., De Leeuw, E. and Hox, J. (2000) ‘Children as respondents in survey research: cognitive development and response quality.’ Bulletin de Methodologie Sociologique  April, 66 pp.60-75.  

  Hammersley, Martyn and Atkinson, Paul (1983) Ethnography: Principles in Practice. London and New York. Routledge.  

  Hemming, Peter  (2008) ‘Mixing qualitative research methods in children’s geographies’ in Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) Vol 40, No. 2 pp.152-162  


]]></description><pubDate>Wed, 10 Sep 2008 17:30:30 +0000</pubDate><link>http://www.barbaramitra.co.uk/children-and-tv-ads/parental-influence/</link><guid>http://www.barbaramitra.co.uk/children-and-tv-ads/parental-influence/</guid></item><item><title><![CDATA[Those that don&#039;t fit into stereotypes]]></title><description><![CDATA[    Our research agrees with Kolbe and Muehling (1995) that it is much more acceptable for girls to be nonconformist than for boys. Children were aware of appropriate behaviour for their own and the opposite gender. The gender stereotypes that are promoted through television commercials may influence children’s perception of gender appropriate behaviour. Children themselves tend to police their own behaviour to that which is deemed appropriate and acceptable.       

  Boys who like pink  
    Some of the boys interviewed had liked the colour pink and playing with dolls at a young age. Some girls did not like dolls and liked electronic games.  Hence, despite the literature (Butler 1990; Gauntlett 2008) suggesting that there are no longer clear gender boundaries we have found through our research that advertisers ignore this spectrum and address boys as ‘macho’ stereotypically masculine boys and girls as ‘girlie’ girls. It is more difficult for boys who do not conform to their gender stereotype than for girls but there are still some gender expectations for both genders.     
]]></description><pubDate>Wed, 10 Sep 2008 17:29:03 +0000</pubDate><link>http://www.barbaramitra.co.uk/children-and-tv-ads/those-that-dont-fit-into-stereotypes/</link><guid>http://www.barbaramitra.co.uk/children-and-tv-ads/those-that-dont-fit-into-stereotypes/</guid></item><item><title><![CDATA[Gender - toys and roles]]></title><description><![CDATA[          

    Cars for boys and dolls for girls  

    From the findings, children clearly also see the gender of the model in the advertisement as being important and this could lead to or reinforce specific toys being associated with specific genders. 
Cars and action toys become associated with boys, whereas dolls become associated with girls.         
  

      Looking after a baby is a job for girls  
This may also translate into occupations later in life. For example action toys may translate into sport. 71% of girls said that being a cricketer was for boys and 86% of girls said that looking after a baby was for girls. Hence for children in television advertising there seems to be a clear rather than a contradictory message regarding gender boundaries.     

  
  Aggression  
    There is far more aggression in advertisements aimed at boys and the language used also suggest this. For example, in 15 advertisements aimed at boys there were 18 words which referred to some kind of fighting such as 'battle', 'attack' or 'destroy'. In 15 commercials aimed at girls, 10 mentioned 'friend' or 'friends'. Hence, this reinforces stereotypes that girls prefer gentle and passive behaviour whilst boys prefer more aggressive behaviour.        ]]></description><pubDate>Wed, 10 Sep 2008 17:16:22 +0000</pubDate><link>http://www.barbaramitra.co.uk/children-and-tv-ads/gender-toys-and-roles/</link><guid>http://www.barbaramitra.co.uk/children-and-tv-ads/gender-toys-and-roles/</guid></item><item><title><![CDATA[Links ]]></title><description><![CDATA[  Here are some links that may be of interest.  

  Link to my films      

  Link to University of Worcester      

  Link to my staff page at University of Worcester      

  Link to Media, Communication and Cultural Studies Association      ]]></description><pubDate>Mon, 26 May 2008 08:12:45 +0000</pubDate><link>http://www.barbaramitra.co.uk/links/links-/</link><guid>http://www.barbaramitra.co.uk/links/links-/</guid></item></channel></rss>